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> **Additional context needed**: performance constraints.
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Add motion that conveys state, gives feedback, and clarifies hierarchy. Cut motion that exists only for decoration. Animation fatigue is a real cost; spend the budget on the moments that need it.
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---
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## Register
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Brand: motion is part of the voice; one well-rehearsed entrance beats scattered micro-interactions. The saturated AI default is fade-and-rise reveals on every scrolled section; that's a tell, not a choreography. Reserve scroll-triggered motion for moments that earn it.
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Product: 150–250 ms on most transitions. Motion conveys state: feedback, reveal, loading, transitions between views. No page-load choreography; users are in a task and won't wait for it.
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---
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## Assess Animation Opportunities
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Analyze where motion would improve the experience:
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1. **Identify static areas**:
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- **Missing feedback**: Actions without visual acknowledgment (button clicks, form submission, etc.)
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- **Jarring transitions**: Instant state changes that feel abrupt (show/hide, page loads, route changes)
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- **Unclear relationships**: Spatial or hierarchical relationships that aren't obvious
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- **Lack of delight**: Functional but joyless interactions
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- **Missed guidance**: Opportunities to direct attention or explain behavior
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2. **Understand the context**:
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- What's the personality? (Playful vs serious, energetic vs calm)
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- What's the performance budget? (Mobile-first? Complex page?)
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- Who's the audience? (Motion-sensitive users? Power users who want speed?)
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- What matters most? (One hero animation vs many micro-interactions?)
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If any of these are unclear from the codebase, STOP and use Codex's structured user-input/question tool when available; if unavailable, ask directly in chat to clarify what you cannot infer.
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**CRITICAL**: Respect `prefers-reduced-motion`. Always provide non-animated alternatives for users who need them.
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## Plan Animation Strategy
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Create a purposeful animation plan:
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- **Hero moment**: What's the ONE signature animation? (Page load? Hero section? Key interaction?)
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- **Feedback layer**: Which interactions need acknowledgment?
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- **Transition layer**: Which state changes need smoothing?
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- **Delight layer**: Where can we surprise and delight?
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**IMPORTANT**: One well-orchestrated experience beats scattered animations everywhere. Focus on high-impact moments.
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## Implement Animations
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Add motion systematically across these categories:
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### Entrance Animations
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- **Hero section**: Dramatic entrance for primary content (scale, parallax, or creative effects)
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- **Modal/drawer entry**: Smooth slide + fade, backdrop fade, focus management
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- **List rhythm**: Sibling stagger is legitimate for cards-in-a-grid or list-items-appearing. Whole-section fade-on-scroll is not a list and is not legitimate. Cap total stagger time: 10 items at 50ms each = 500ms total. For more items, reduce per-item delay or cap the staggered count.
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Use CSS custom properties for clean stagger: `animation-delay: calc(var(--i, 0) * 50ms)` with `style="--i: 0"`, `style="--i: 1"`, etc. on each item.
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### Micro-interactions
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- **Button feedback**:
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- Hover: Subtle scale (1.02-1.05), color shift, shadow increase
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- Click: Quick scale down then up (0.95 → 1), ripple effect
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- Loading: Spinner or pulse state
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- **Form interactions**:
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- Input focus: Border color transition, slight scale or glow
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- Validation: Shake on error, check mark on success, smooth color transitions
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- **Toggle switches**: Smooth slide + color transition (200-300ms)
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- **Checkboxes/radio**: Check mark animation, ripple effect
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- **Like/favorite**: Scale + rotation, particle effects, color transition
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### State Transitions
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- **Show/hide**: Fade + slide (not instant), appropriate timing (200-300ms)
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- **Expand/collapse**: Height transition with overflow handling, icon rotation
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- **Loading states**: Skeleton screen fades, spinner animations, progress bars
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- **Success/error**: Color transitions, icon animations, gentle scale pulse
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- **Enable/disable**: Opacity transitions, cursor changes
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### Navigation & Flow
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- **Page transitions**: Crossfade between routes, shared element transitions
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- **Tab switching**: Slide indicator, content fade/slide
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- **Carousel/slider**: Smooth transforms, snap points, momentum
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- **Scroll effects**: Parallax layers, sticky headers with state changes, scroll progress indicators
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### Feedback & Guidance
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- **Hover hints**: Tooltip fade-ins, cursor changes, element highlights
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- **Drag & drop**: Lift effect (shadow + scale), drop zone highlights, smooth repositioning
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- **Copy/paste**: Brief highlight flash on paste, "copied" confirmation
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- **Focus flow**: Highlight path through form or workflow
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### Delight Moments
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- **Empty states**: Subtle floating animations on illustrations
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- **Completed actions**: Confetti, check mark flourish, success celebrations
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- **Easter eggs**: Hidden interactions for discovery
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- **Contextual animation**: Weather effects, time-of-day themes, seasonal touches
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## Technical Implementation
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Use appropriate techniques for each animation:
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### Timing & Easing
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**Duration: the 100/300/500 rule.** Timing matters more than easing for "feels right":
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| Duration | Use Case | Examples |
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|----------|----------|----------|
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| **100–150ms** | Instant feedback | Button press, toggle, color change |
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| **200–300ms** | State changes | Menu open, tooltip, hover state |
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| **300–500ms** | Layout changes | Accordion, modal, drawer |
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| **500–800ms** | Entrance animations | Page load, hero reveal |
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**Easing curves (use these, not CSS defaults):**
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```css
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/* Recommended: natural deceleration */
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--ease-out-quart: cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1); /* Smooth */
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--ease-out-quint: cubic-bezier(0.22, 1, 0.36, 1); /* Slightly snappier */
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--ease-out-expo: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1); /* Confident, decisive */
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/* AVOID: feel dated and tacky */
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/* bounce: cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1); */
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/* elastic: cubic-bezier(0.68, -0.6, 0.32, 1.6); */
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```
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**Exit animations are faster than entrances.** Use ~75% of enter duration.
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### CSS Animations
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```css
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/* Prefer for simple, declarative animations */
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- transitions for state changes
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- @keyframes for complex sequences
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- transform and opacity for reliable movement
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- blur, filters, masks, clip paths, shadows, and color shifts for premium atmospheric effects when verified smooth
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```
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### JavaScript Animation
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```javascript
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/* Use for complex, interactive animations */
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- Web Animations API for programmatic control
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- Framer Motion for React
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- GSAP for complex sequences
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```
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### Motion Materials
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Transform and opacity are reliable defaults, not the whole palette. Premium interfaces often need atmospheric properties. Match material to effect:
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- **Transform / opacity**: movement, press feedback, simple reveals, list choreography
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- **Blur / filter / backdrop-filter**: focus pulls, depth, glass or lens effects, softened entrances
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- **Clip-path / masks**: wipes, reveals, editorial cropping, product-like transitions
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- **Shadow / glow / color filters**: energy, affordance, focus, warmth, active state
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- **Grid-template-rows or FLIP-style transforms**: expanding and reflowing layout without animating `height` directly
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The hard rule isn't "transform and opacity only." It's: avoid animating layout-driving properties casually (`width`, `height`, `top`, `left`, margins), keep expensive effects bounded to small or isolated areas, and verify smoothness in-browser on target viewports.
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### Performance
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- **Layout safety**: Avoid casual animation of layout-driving properties (`width`, `height`, `top`, `left`, margins)
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- **will-change**: Add sparingly for known expensive animations only (e.g. on `:hover` or an `.animating` class), never preemptively across the whole page
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- **Scroll triggers**: Use Intersection Observer instead of scroll event listeners; unobserve after the animation fires once
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- **Bound expensive effects**: Keep blur/filter/shadow areas small or isolated, use `contain` where appropriate
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- **Monitor FPS**: Ensure 60fps on target devices
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### Perceived Performance
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Nobody cares how fast your site *is*, only how fast it feels. The 80ms threshold: anything under ~80ms feels instant because our brains buffer sensory input for that long to synchronize perception. Target this for micro-interactions.
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- **Preemptive start**: Begin transitions immediately while loading (iOS app zoom, skeleton UI). Users perceive work happening.
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- **Early completion**: Show content progressively, don't wait for everything (progressive images, streaming HTML, skeleton fade-ins).
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- **Optimistic UI**: Update the interface immediately, handle failures gracefully. Use for low-stakes actions (likes, follows). Avoid for payments or destructive operations.
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- **Easing affects perceived duration**: Ease-in (accelerating toward completion) makes tasks feel shorter because the peak-end effect weights final moments heavily. Ease-out feels satisfying for entrances.
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- **Caution**: Too-fast responses can decrease perceived value for complex operations (search, analysis). Sometimes a brief delay signals "real work" is happening.
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### Accessibility
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```css
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@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
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* {
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animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
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animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
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transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
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}
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}
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```
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**NEVER**:
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- Use bounce or elastic easing curves; they feel dated and draw attention to the animation itself
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- Animate layout properties casually (`width`, `height`, `top`, `left`, margins) when transform, FLIP, or grid-based techniques would work
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- Use durations over 500ms for feedback (it feels laggy)
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- Animate without purpose (every animation needs a reason)
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- Ignore `prefers-reduced-motion` (this is an accessibility violation)
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- Animate everything (animation fatigue makes interfaces feel exhausting)
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- Block interaction during animations unless intentional
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## Verify Quality
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Test animations thoroughly:
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- **Smooth at 60fps**: No jank on target devices
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- **Feels natural**: Easing curves feel organic, not robotic
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- **Appropriate timing**: Not too fast (jarring) or too slow (laggy)
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- **Reduced motion works**: Animations disabled or simplified appropriately
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- **Doesn't block**: Users can interact during/after animations
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- **Adds value**: Makes interface clearer or more delightful
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When the motion clarifies state instead of decorating it, hand off to `$impeccable polish` for the final pass.
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